Ketoprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat musculoskeletal inflammation and pain in horses. In the United States, the use of ketoprofen in racing horses is controlled by the Horseracing Integrity and Safety Authority (HISA). Under this newly established federal organization ketoprofen has screening limits of 2 ng/mL in blood and 100 ng/mL…
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly implemented in the treatment of inflammation, pain and fever when used in therapeutic doses in human and veterinary medicine. The use of NSAIDs in racehorses is tightly regulated because of their ability to influence the performance of horses. For this reason, International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (IFHA) published a…
The kidneys are considered critical for the long-term control of blood pressure by regulation of body fluid and blood volume. In support of this concept, the kidneys control the systemic activity of the pro-hypertensive renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by regulating the production and release of renin from juxtaglomerular cells. The relationship between the endocannabinoid system in the…
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